Prof (Dr) Jaipal Singh
The 26th of January marks a pivotal moment in Indian history. On this day in 1950, India embraced its Constitution, evolving into a sovereign, democratic republic. This Constitution established a robust legal framework ensuring justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for every citizen. It initiated an era where the populace elects their leaders, and legislative decisions are made by their chosen representatives. In a parliamentary democracy, the government, which is formed by the people and for the people, carries the responsibility of shaping the nation’s future.
The selection of January 26th as Republic Day is deeply significant. It was on this date in 1930, during the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, that India proclaimed Purna Swaraj (complete independence) from British rule. This historic announcement represented a bold pledge towards achieving complete freedom, embodying India’s determination to reject colonial rule. Since that date, the citizens of India have commemorated January 26th as a day of pride, unity, and dedication to the fight for independence. After India earned its freedom on August 15, 1947, the leaders dedicated to the freedom struggle resolved to honor this significant date by implementing the Constitution on it.
The creation of the Constitution was an enormous undertaking, initiated well before India gained independence. In 1946, the British government, under the Cabinet Mission Plan, established the Constituent Assembly of India, charged with drafting the Constitution for an independent nation. This assembly included renowned leaders and thinkers from throughout the country, and its mission was challenging.
The Constituent Assembly first convened on December 9, 1946, with Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha presiding over the initial session as the interim Chairman. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, who later became India’s first President, assumed the role of permanent chairman. The drafting process was meticulously carried out by the Drafting Committee, led by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar, revered as the Father of the Indian Constitution. Other influential leaders in the Constituent Assembly included: H. C. Mookherje, Vice-President; B.N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor; and S.N. Mukherjee, Chief Draftsman.
The committee devoted several years to rigorous debates, discussions, and deliberations about every facet of the Constitution. Their objective was to devise a document that mirrored India’s unique cultural, social, and political landscape, while ensuring the nation could operate as a modern democracy. They drew inspiration from the constitutions of more than 60 nations, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, and Australia. Although India achieved independence on August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly continued refining the Constitution.
After nearly three years (specifically, 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days) of extensive debates, the Constitution was finalized on November 26, 1949. The adoption of the Constitution was a momentous occasion, but it was determined that it would take effect on January 26, 1950, to honor the Purna Swaraj Declaration made on that same date in 1930. This choice was a profound acknowledgment of the sacrifices made by countless freedom fighters throughout the nation’s historic battle for independence.
On January 24, 1950, the Constituent Assembly held its final session, representing the culmination of its extraordinary efforts. During this session, the national symbols of independent India were officially adopted. The national anthem, “Jana Gana Mana,” composed by the illustrious poet Rabindranath Tagore, was formally recognized as the anthem of the Republic of India. Also, “Vande Mataram,” penned by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, was declared the national song.
The Constituent Assembly expressed deep appreciation for the leadership of the assembly, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, and all contributors to the Constitution’s formation. The Constitution came into effect two days later on January 26, 1950, when Dr. Rajendra Prasad was sworn in as the first President of India. This historic event occurred at the Darbar Hall of Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi, signifying the end of British colonial rule and the establishment of India as a republic.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s inauguration was a moment of tremendous significance, symbolizing the country’s transition to self-governance and the dawn of a new chapter in Indian history. With the adoption of the Indian Constitution, the British Governor-General was replaced by the President of India as the head of state. Furthermore, the Constitution supplanted the Government of India Act of 1935, marking the onset of a new era characterized by democratic governance.
Over the years, the celebration of Republic Day has transformed into a grand national festival. The primary event occurs in New Delhi at Rajpath (now known as Kartavya Path), where the President of India—the head of state and Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces—presides over the Republic Day parade. This year, President Draupadi Murmu, the 15th President of India, will oversee the event, hoisting the national flag and taking the salute during the parade, with Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto as the chief guest for India’s 76th Republic Day festivities. This visit commemorates 75 years of diplomatic relations between India and Indonesia.
The Republic Day parade is a stunning showcase of India’s cultural diversity, military prowess, and technological advancements. The parade features various components, including marching contingents from the Indian Armed Forces, Para Military Forces, and Police. Cultural performances from states and Union Territories, along with displays by school children nationwide, add vibrancy to the Republic Day parade. Brave soldiers and civilians are honored with prestigious awards such as the Param Vir Chakra, Ashok Chakra, and Kirti Chakra for their exemplary service to the nation. Lastly, the Beating Retreat ceremony occurs three days after Republic Day, on January 29, at Vijay Chowk in New Delhi, marking the end of the Republic Day celebrations.
Republic Day is also marked with immense enthusiasm in schools, colleges, and public spaces across the country. The day begins with the raising of the national flag, followed by singing the national anthem. Students perform cultural activities, dances, speeches, and skits that honor the nation’s freedom struggle and Constitution. These celebrations underline the unity and diversity of the nation while reinforcing the importance of upholding the values of justice, equality, and liberty enshrined in the Constitution.
Each year, a new theme is chosen for the Republic Day festivities, and this year’s theme, “Swarnim Bharat: Virasataur Vikas” (Golden India: Heritage and Progress), reflects India’s journey from struggle to success. It honors the nation’s rich cultural heritage while emphasizing its significant strides in development and innovation.
In summary, January 26, celebrated as Republic Day, commemorates India’s long and arduous struggle for freedom and the establishment of self-governance. It serves as a day for reflecting on the nation’s journey and reaffirming its commitment to the values of democracy and justice. The Constitution of India is a living document, and Republic Day acts as a vital reminder of the sacrifices made by countless freedom fighters who fought for India’s independence and a free, just society.
As I conclude, let us honor our freedom fighters by making a collective pledge: “We, the citizens of India, shall sincerely honor India’s struggle for freedom to sovereignty, contribute to nation-building, and work together to reinforce the democratic foundations of our Republic India for future generations. This will indeed serve as a heartfelt tribute to those brave individuals who sacrificed their lives for the bright future and comforts we enjoy today.
(The author is Principal, SG GDC Doongi – Rajouri)
